CD74+ macrophages are associated with favorable prognosis and immune contexture in hepatocellular carcinoma.

CD74 was initially thought to participate mainly in antigen presentation as an MHC class II chaperone. Recent studies have shown that CD74 plays an important role within the cell and throughout the immune system in a wide spectrum of neoplasms. However, the role of CD74 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, HCC tissues from Zhongshan Hospital and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained and analyzed. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) were performed to detect the characteristics of CD74+ cells and explore their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC. Our data revealed that stromal CD74+ cell enrichment was associated with favorable prognosis in patients with HCC. CD74 was abundant in a large portion of HCC specimens and prominently distributed on stromal macrophages. scRNA-seq data also indicated that the pathways related to immune response were significantly upregulated in CD74+ macrophages. High infiltration of CD74+ macrophages was associated with increased infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) with enhanced effector functions in HCC. Besides, blocking CD74 weakened the antitumor activity and proliferation ability of CD8+ CTLs in HCC. Our findings highlight the critical role of CD74 in HCC. New drugs and antibodies targeting CD74 may be effective strategies for HCC therapy.

First Evidence for a Role of Siglec-8 in Breast Cancer.

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are involved in various immune cell-mediated diseases. Their role in cancer is poorly investigated, and research focusses on Siglec-expression on immune cells interacting with tumor cells. This study evaluates the role of Siglec-8 in breast cancer (BC). Siglec-8 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically on 235 primary BC cases and was correlated with clinical and pathological parameters and outcome. Cell culture experiments were performed with various BC cell lines. Siglec-8 was expressed in 215 BC cases and expression was lowest in triple-negative BC. It correlated with estrogen receptor-status, grading and the prognostic factors galectin (Gal)-7 and tumor-associated mucin-1 (TA-MUC1). However, Gal-7 and TA-MUC1 were only prognosticators for clinical outcome in the cohort expressing high (Immunoreactivity score IRS > 3) Siglec-8 levels but not in the low-expressing cohort. Siglec-8 knockdown led to a significantly reduced Gal-7 expression in MCF7 cells. All BC cell lines expressed low Siglec-8-levels, that could be elevated in MCF7 by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ)-stimulation. This study demonstrates that Siglec-8 is expressed in BC cells and correlates with known clinical and prognostic parameters. It is probably associated with Gal-7 and TA-MUC1 and might be regulated via PPARγ. Further analyses focusing on functional associations will clarify Siglec-8's eligibility as a possible therapeutic target.

The emerging roles of semaphorin4D/CD100 in immunological diseases.

In vertebrates, the semaphorin family of proteins is composed of 21 members that are divided into five subfamilies, i.e. classes 3 to 7. Semaphorins play crucial roles in regulating multiple biological processes, such as neural remodeling, tissue regeneration, cancer progression, and, especially, in immunological regulation. Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D), also known as CD100, is an important member of the semaphorin family and was first characterized as a lymphocyte-specific marker. SEMA4D has diverse effects on immunologic processes, including immune cell proliferation, differentiation, activation, and migration, through binding to its specific membrane receptors CD72, PLXNB1, and PLXNB2. Furthermore, SEMA4D and its underlying signaling have been increasingly linked with several immunological diseases. This review focuses on the significant immunoregulatory role of SEMA4D and the associated underlying mechanisms, as well as the potential application of SEMA4D as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for the treatment of immunological diseases.

Expression and clinical significance of CD74 and MMP-9 in colon adenocarcinomas.

PURPOSE: To detect the expressions of CD74 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in colon adenocarcinomas, and to explore the relationship between the expressions and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. METHODS: 98 cases of colon adenocarcinoma tissues from patients who underwent colon cancer resection in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from January 2013 to March 2015 comprised the experimental group, while 71 cases of colon mucosa tissues from patients who underwent colon polypectomy during the same period comprised the control group. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of CD44 and MMP-9 mRNAs in the two groups, in order to analyze their correlation in colon adenocarcinomas, and to also analyze their relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. RESULTS: The expressions of CD74 and MMP-9 mRNAs in colon adenocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colon mucosa tissues (p<0.05). The expressions of CD74 and MMP-9 mRNAs had no significant relationship with the patient's gender, age, differentiation grade and tumor type in colon adenocarcinoma tissues (p>0.05), but had significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and pathological stage (p<0.05). According to the average expressions of CD74 and MMP-9 mRNAs, the patients were divided into low and high expression groups. The 3-year survival rate of patients in the low expression group was significantly higher than that in the high expression group (p<0.05). Moreover, the expressions of CD74 and MMP-9 were positively correlated (r = 0.853, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: CD74 and MMP-9 are highly expressed in colon adenocarcinomas, and their expressions are closely related to the pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma patients. Therefore, they can be used as important biological markers for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of colon adenocarcinoma.

The histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma with aberrant T-cell/B-cell antigen expression.

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and ALK- anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) share many morphologic and immunohistochemical features, causing difficulties in differential diagnosis. Aberrant T-cell/B-cell antigen (TCA/BCA) expression in cHL/ALCL has previously been reported, but differences in the broader morphologic and genetic features still remain unclear. We first explored the histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of cHL and ALCL with or without aberrant expression. Of 68 cHL cases, 10 (14.71%) were found to express 1 or more TCAs, and the frequency was as follows: CD4 > CD2 > CD3 > CD5 = CD7. Only 1 (3.33%) of 30 ALCL cases expressed BCA. Histologically, the main subtypes of cHL with aberrant TCA expression were LD and NS2. These aberrant TCA-expressing cHL tumor cells exhibited some ALCL features, and the aberrant BCA-expressing ALCL tumor cells displayed cHL characteristics. We also performed whole-exome sequencing analysis on cHL and ALCL samples with aberrant expression and compared them with those without aberrant expression. The results of this analysis showed that GNE and CACNB2 mutations, involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, may play an important role in cHL. In addition, 135 mutation sites involved in multiple signaling pathways were identified in ALCL. In the aberrant-expression cases, genetic features were similar between cHL and ALCL, consistent with their morphologic features. Our results broaden the understanding of the histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of cHL and ALCL with aberrant expression and, for the first time, compare genetic features between cHL and ALCL with and without aberrant expression.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a novel prognostic marker for human oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is considered a pro-tumour factor. However, its clinical relevance in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of MIF and its receptor CD74 in OSCC tissues, and to study the function of MIF in OSCC cells. Tissues of 90 patients with OSCC from the School of Stomatology, China Medical University were collected, and immunohistochemical staining and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed for MIF and CD74. The possible correlations between MIF and CD74 and clinical characteristics were analysed. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the survival rates of patients. In addition, the proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells were evaluated after transfection with siRNA against MIF. MIF and CD74 levels were significantly higher in tissues of patients with OSCC than in control tissues. Moreover, MIF levels in patients with OSCC were significantly associated with cell differentiation and TNM classification. MIF expression was closely related to CD74 expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that OSCC patients with high MIF levels showed reduced overall survival and recurrenc-free survival. Furthermore, MIF expression promoted proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells. Collectively, our results reveal that MIF expression is a significant independent prognostic factor for patients with OSCC and may be a novel prognostic marker for OSCC.

Contribution of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor superfamily of cytokines in the pathogenesis of preclinical and human multiple sclerosis: In silico and in vivo evidences.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We have first evaluated in silico the involvement of MIF, its homologue D-DT, and the receptors CD74, CD44, CXCR2 and CXCR4 in encephalitogenic T cells from a mouse model of MS, the Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE), as well as in circulating T helper cells from MS patients. We show an upregulation of the receptors involved in MIF signaling both in the animal model and in patients. Also, a significant increase in MIF receptors is found in the CNS lesions associated to MS. Finally, the specific inhibitor of MIF, ISO-1, improved both ex vivo and in vivo the features of EAE. Overall, our data indicate that there is a significant involvement of the MIF pathway in MS ethiopathogenesis and that interventions specifically blocking MIF receptors may represent useful therapeutic approaches in the clinical setting.

CD74 and intratumoral immune response in breast cancer.

CD74 (invariant chain) plays a role in MHC class II antigen presentation. We assessed CD74 and MHCII expression in tumor cells, as well as CD8, CD4, and CD68 tumor infiltrating leucocyte (TIL) density by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 492 breast cancer patients. CD74 expression was associated with poor prognostic markers including patient age, tumor grade, ER status, non-Luminal A subtypes, and with MHCII expression and higher TIL densities, particularly in the Basal-like subgroup. Univariate analysis showed a favorable prognostic effect of CD74 (Hazard ratio = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.26-0.89, p = 0.022) and for combined CD74/MHCII (Hazard ratio = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.17-0.81, p = 0.014) positive status for overall survival that was only manifested in the Basal-like subgroup. CD74 and MHCII expression is associated with patient survival in Basal-like breast cancer, and the association with TIL may reflect an effective intratumoral immune response.

Upregulation of CD74 and its potential association with disease severity in subjects with ischemic stroke.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine/chemokine in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory T lymphocytes known to exacerbate experimental stroke severity. MIF effects are mediated through its primary cellular receptor, CD74, the MHC class II invariant chain present on all class II expressing cells, including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). We demonstrated previously that partial MHC class II/peptide constructs (pMHC) can effectively treat mice with experimental stroke, in part through their ability to competitively inhibit MIF/CD74 interactions and downstream signaling. However, the role of MIF and CD74 in human ischemic stroke is not yet well established. To evaluate the therapeutic potential for pMHC, we assessed MIF and CD74 expression levels and their association with disease outcome in subjects with ischemic stroke. MIF levels were assessed in blood plasma by ELISA and CD74 expression was quantified by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects with ischemic stroke and age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). MIF levels were increased in plasma and the number of CD74+ cells and CD74 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in PBMC of subjects with ischemic stroke versus HC, mainly on CD4+ T cells, monocytes and DC. Greater increases of CD74+ cells were seen in subjects with cortical vs. subcortical infarcts and the number of CD74+ cells in blood correlated strongly with infarct size and neurological outcomes. However, differences in MIF and CD74 expression were not affected by age, gender or lesion laterality. Increased CD74 expression levels may serve as a useful biomarker for worse stroke severity and predicted outcomes in subjects with ischemic stroke and provide a rationale for potential future treatment with pMHC constructs.

Olig2 is expressed late in human eosinophil development and controls Siglec-8 expression.

Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that binds to E-box motifs, is known to have a key role in determining lineage specification of oligodendrocytes and motor neurons. In the present study, we report that oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 is expressed in human eosinophils and involved in transcriptional activation of the gene encoding sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 8 (Siglec-8), a late eosinophil-differentiation marker known to exert eosinophil apoptosis. When cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells differentiated toward eosinophils during a 24-d culture period, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 protein was expressed in cord blood eosinophils on d 24, a time when cord blood eosinophils are considered fully differentiated, whereas it was not detectable on d 18 or at earlier time points. Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 protein was also abundantly expressed in human peripheral-blood eosinophils but not in neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, or cord blood mast cells. RNA sequencing analysis showed that numerous genes, especially those encoding eosinophil surface molecules, were highly up-regulated along with OLIG2 Among the genes examined, SIGLEC-8 messenger RNA and protein were markedly down-regulated in parallel with OLIG2 by an oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 small interfering RNA or a short hairpin RNA, as evidenced by real-time polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and Western blot analyses. In reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, an E-box in the first intron was found to stimulate SIGLEC-8 gene transcription and to bind oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2. Hence, at least one important aspect of eosinophil differentiation is regulated by oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, a transcription factor that has not previously been reported, to our knowledge, in normal granulocytes.

Decreased expression of Siglec-8 associates with poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection.

The expression of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) family has been detected in many malignant tumors and correlated with patient outcomes. The present study aims to investigate the prognostic value of Siglec-8 expression and refine current risk stratification system in patients with gastric cancer. Two independent sets of patients (n = 78; n = 356, respectively) with gastric cancer from Zhongshan Hospital were enrolled into this study. The expression of Siglec-8 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of Siglec-8 expression and clinical outcomes. A novel molecular prognostic stratification system combining intratumoral Siglec-8 expression with TNM stage was determined by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that intratumoral Siglec-8 low expression was an independent prognostic factor for dismal overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. Incorporating intratumoral Siglec-8 expression into the current TNM staging system showed more accuracy for predicting prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Our study suggested that intratumoral Siglec-8 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of patients with gastric cancer. Incorporating Siglec-8 expression level into current TNM staging system might add more comprehensive prognostic information for patients with gastric cancer and lead to a more precise risk stratification system for predicting clinical outcomes.

Inflammatory Marker Testing Identifies CD74 Expression in Melanoma Tumor Cells, and Its Expression Associates with Favorable Survival for Stage III Melanoma.

PURPOSE: Inflammatory marker expression in stage III melanoma tumors was evaluated for association with outcome, using two independent cohorts of stage III melanoma patients' tumor tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Fifteen markers of interest were selected for analysis, and their expression in melanoma tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Proteins associating with either overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the retrospective discovery tissue microarray (TMA; n = 158) were subsequently evaluated in an independent validation TMA (n = 114). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between survival parameters and covariates, the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the distribution of survival, and the log-rank test to compare distributions. RESULTS: Expression of CD74 on melanoma cells was unique, and in the discovery TMA, it associated with favorable patient outcome (OS: HR, 0.53; P = 0.01 and RFS: HR, 0.56; P = 0.01). The validation data set confirmed the CD74 prognostic significance and revealed that the absence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also associated with poor survival parameters. Consistent with the protein observation, tumor CD74 mRNA expression also correlated positively (P = 0.003) with OS in the melanoma TCGA data set. CONCLUSIONS: Our data validate CD74 as a useful prognostic tumor cell protein marker associated with favorable RFS and OS in stage III melanoma. Low or negative expression of MIF in both TMAs and of iNOS in the validation set also provided useful prognostic data. A disease-specific investigation of CD74's functional significance is warranted, and other markers appear intriguing to pursue. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 3016-24. ©2016 AACR.

Cabozantinib overcomes crizotinib resistance in ROS1 fusion-positive cancer.

PURPOSE: ROS1 rearrangement leads to constitutive ROS1 activation with potent transforming activity. In an ongoing phase I trial, the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib shows remarkable initial responses in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring ROS1 fusions; however, cancers eventually develop crizotinib resistance due to acquired mutations such as G2032R in ROS1. Thus, understanding the crizotinib-resistance mechanisms in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC and identification of therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance are required. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The sensitivity of CD74-ROS1-transformed Ba/F3 cells to multiple ALK inhibitors was examined. Acquired ROS1 inhibitor-resistant mutations in CD74-ROS1 fusion were screened by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis with Ba/F3 cells. To overcome the resistance mutation, we performed high-throughput drug screening with small-molecular inhibitors and anticancer drugs used in clinical practice or being currently tested in clinical trials. The effect of the identified drug was assessed in the CD74-ROS1-mutant Ba/F3 cells and crizotinib-resistant patient-derived cancer cells (MGH047) harboring G2032R-mutated CD74-ROS1. RESULTS: We identified multiple novel crizotinib-resistance mutations in the ROS1 kinase domain, including the G2032R mutation. As the result of high-throughput drug screening, we found that the cMET/RET/VEGFR inhibitor cabozantinib (XL184) effectively inhibited the survival of CD74-ROS1 wild-type (WT) and resistant mutants harboring Ba/F3 and MGH047 cells. Furthermore, cabozantinib could overcome all the resistance by all newly identified secondary mutations. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a comprehensive model of acquired resistance to ROS1 inhibitors in NSCLC with ROS1 rearrangement and identified cabozantinib as a therapeutic strategy to overcome the resistance.

CD74: a new prognostic factor for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: The pro-inflammatory cytokine migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74 have been proposed as possible therapeutic targets in several cancers. We studied the expression of MIF and CD74 together with calretinin in specimens of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), correlating their expression levels with clinico-pathologic parameters, in particular overall survival (OS). METHODS: Migration inhibitory factor, CD74, and calretinin immunoreactivity were investigated in a tissue microarray of 352 patients diagnosed with MPM. Protein expression intensities were semiquantitatively scored in the tumour cells and in the peritumoral stroma. Markers were matched with OS, age, gender, and histological subtype. RESULTS: Clinical data from 135 patients were available. Tumour cell expressions of MIF and CD74 were observed in 95% and 98% of MPM specimens, respectively, with a homogenous distribution between the different histotypes. CD74 (P<0.001) but not MIF overexpression (P=0.231) emerged as an independent prognostic factor for prolonged OS. High expression of tumour cell calretinin correlated with the epithelioid histotype and was also predictive of longer OS (P<0.001). When compared with previously characterised putative epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, CD74 correlated positively with tumoral PTEN and podoplanin expressions, but was inversely related with periostin expression. CONCLUSIONS: High expression of CD74 is an independent prognostic factor for prolonged OS in mesothelioma patients.

Microglial CD33-related Siglec-E inhibits neurotoxicity by preventing the phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst.

Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins (Siglecs) are members of the Ig superfamily that recognize sialic acid residues of glycoproteins. Siglec-E is a mouse CD33-related Siglec that preferentially binds to sialic acid residues of the cellular glycocalyx. Here, we demonstrate gene transcription and protein expression of Siglec-E by cultured mouse microglia. Siglec-E on microglia inhibited phagocytosis of neural debris and prevented the production of superoxide radicals induced by challenge with neural debris. Soluble extracellular Siglec-E receptor protein bound to the neural glycocalyx. Coculture of mouse microglia and neurons demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of microglial Siglec-E that was dependent on neuronal sialic acid residues. Increased neurotoxicity of microglia after knockdown of Siglece mRNA was neutralized by the reactive oxygen species scavenger Trolox. Data suggest that Siglec-E recognizes the intact neuronal glycocalyx and has neuroprotective function by preventing phagocytosis and the associated oxidative burst.

High CD74 expression correlates with ZAP70 expression in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in adults in Western countries. It is characterized by heterogeneous clinical course of the disease and new prognostic factors are still needed. CD74 plays an important role in signal transduction in B cell proliferation and survival pathway. CD74 expression has been shown in solid tumors and has been connected with poor prognosis and tumor progression. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of CD74 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with combination with other known prognostic factors. Expression of CD74 was determined in 90 patients and 28 healthy controls. CD74 expression was significantly higher in CLL group than in controls. There was positive correlation between CD74 and ZAP70 expression (p = 0.008). High expression of CD74 was positively correlated with more advanced stage of the disease (p = 0.02). No correlation was shown between CD74 and sex, mutational status IgVH and time to first treatment.

Dynamic range of Nef functions in chronic HIV-1 infection.

HIV-1 Nef is required for efficient viral replication and pathogenesis. However, the extent to which Nef's functions are maintained in natural sequences during chronic infection, and their clinical relevance, remains incompletely characterized. Relative to a control Nef from HIV-1 strain SF2, HLA class I and CD4 down-regulation activities of 46 plasma RNA Nef sequences derived from unique chronic infected individuals were generally high and displayed narrow dynamic ranges, whereas Nef-mediated virion infectivity, PBMC replication and CD74 up-regulation exhibited broader dynamic ranges. 80% of patient-derived Nefs were active for at least three functions examined. Functional co-dependencies were identified, including positive correlations between CD4 down-regulation and virion infectivity, replication, and CD74 up-regulation, and between CD74 up-regulation and PBMC replication. Nef-mediated virion infectivity inversely correlated with patient CD4(±) T-cell count. Strong functional co-dependencies and the polyfunctional nature of patient-derived Nef sequences suggest a phenotypic requirement to maintain multiple Nef functions during chronic infection.

A novel regulatory pathway for autoimmune disease: binding of partial MHC class II constructs to monocytes reduces CD74 expression and induces both specific and bystander T-cell tolerance.

Treatment with partial (p)MHC class II-ß1α1 constructs (also referred to as recombinant T-cell receptor ligands - RTL) linked to antigenic peptides can induce T-cell tolerance, inhibit recruitment of inflammatory cells and reverse autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate a novel regulatory pathway that involves RTL binding to CD11b(+) mononuclear cells through a receptor comprised of MHC class II invariant chain (CD74), cell-surface histones and MHC class II itself for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Binding of RTL constructs with CD74 involved a previously unrecognized MHC class II-α1/CD74 interaction that inhibited CD74 expression, blocked activity of its ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and reduced EAE severity. These findings implicate binding of RTL constructs to CD74 as a key step in both antigen-driven and bystander T-cell tolerance important in treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Ribosomal protein S19 is a novel therapeutic agent in inflammatory kidney disease.

RPS19 (ribosomal protein S19), a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit, has recently been identified to bind the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage MIF (migration inhibitory factor). In vitro experiments identify RPS19 as the first endogenous MIF inhibitor by blocking the binding of MIF to its receptor CD74 and MIF functions on monocyte adherence to endothelial cells. In the present study, we sought to establish whether recombinant RPS19 can exert anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of anti-GBM (glomerular basement membrane) GN (glomerulonephritis) in which MIF is known to play an important role. Accelerated anti-GBM GN was induced in C57BL/6J mice by immunization with sheep IgG followed 5 days later by administration of sheep anti-mouse GBM serum. Groups of eight mice were treated once daily by intraperitoneal injection with 6 mg of RPS19/kg of body weight or an irrelevant control protein (human secretoglobin 2A1), or received no treatment, from day 0 until being killed on day 10. Mice that received control or no treatment developed severe crescentic anti-GBM disease on day 10 with increased serum creatinine, declined creatinine clearance and increased proteinuria. These changes were associated with up-regulation of MIF and its receptor CD74 activation of ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) signalling, prominent macrophage and T-cell infiltration, as well as up-regulation of Th1 [T-bet and IFNγ (interferon γ)] and Th17 [STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and IL (interleukin)-17A] as well as IL-1ß and TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α). In contrast, RPS19 treatment largely prevented the development of glomerular crescents and glomerular necrosis, and prevented renal dysfunction and proteinuria (all P<0.001). Of note, RPS19 blocked up-regulation of MIF and CD74 and inactivated ERK and NF-κB signalling, thereby inhibiting macrophage and T-cell infiltration, Th1 and Th17 responses and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (all P<0.01). These results demonstrate that RPS19 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, which appears to work primarily by inhibiting MIF signalling.

Horizontal transmission and retention of malignancy, as well as functional human genes, after spontaneous fusion of human glioblastoma and hamster host cells in vivo.

Cell fusion in vitro has been used to study cancer, gene mapping and regulation, and the production of antibodies via hybridomas. However, in-vivo heterosynkaryon formation by cell-cell fusion has received less attention. This investigation describes the spontaneous fusion of a human glioblastoma with normal hamster cells after xenogeneic transplantation, resulting in malignant cells that express both human and hamster genes and gene products, and retention of glioblastoma traits with an enhanced ability to metastasize. Three of 7 human genes found showed translation of their proteins during serial propagation in vivo or in vitro for years; namely, CD74, CXCR4 and PLAGL2, each implicated with malignancy or glioblastoma. This supports the thesis that genetic hybridization of cancer and normal cells can transmit malignancy and also, as first described herein, regulatory genes involved in the tumor's organotypic morphology. Evidence also is increasing that even cell-free human cancer DNA can induce malignancy and transfer genetic information to normal cells. Hence, we posit that the transfer of genetic information between tumor and stromal cells, whether by cell-cell fusion or other mechanisms, is implicated in the progression of malignancy, and may further define the crosstalk between cancer cells and their stromal neighbors.